Bosnia and Herzegovina
Region
🌍 Europe
Population
👥 3
Currency
💱 Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark
Languages
🗣️ Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian
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Bosnia and Herzegovina, a jewel of the Balkans, beckons travelers with its rich history, stunning natural beauty, and vibrant culture. This diverse country offers a captivating blend of East and West, evident in its architecture, cuisine, and traditions. From the Ottoman-influenced old towns to the dramatic Dinaric Alps, visitors are treated to breathtaking landscapes and a palpable sense of history. First-time visitors should expect a warm welcome, affordable prices, and an immersive experience that delves into a resilient and welcoming nation. Whether exploring medieval castles, rafting pristine rivers, or savoring delicious local food, Bosnia and Herzegovina promises an unforgettable journey.
Official NameSource: REST Countries
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Continent
Europe
DemonymSource: REST Countries
Bosnian, Herzegovinian
Independence
March 1, 1992 (from Yugoslavia)
Top-Level Domain
.ba
Calling CodeSource: REST Countries
+387
Time ZoneSource: REST Countries
UTC+01:00
Capital CitySource: REST Countries
Sarajevo
ISO Alpha-2
BA
ISO Alpha-3
BIH
UN Code
70
Geographic Coordinates
44,18
Area (km²)Source: REST Countries
51,209#129 of 249
PopulationSource: REST Countries
3,412,000#135 of 247
Population Density (per km²)
62.21
Highest Point (m)
2,386 meters (Maglić)
Lowest Point (m)
Sea level
Land Use
Approximately 44% forest, 33% arable land, 23% other
Irrigated Land
Approximately 100 sq km
Coastline Length
Approximately 20 km
Climate
Temperate; hot summers and cold, snowy winters
Natural Resources
Coal, iron ore, bauxite, manganese, timber, copper, chromium, zinc
Bordering CountriesSource: REST Countries
Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia
Major Rivers
Sava, Drina, Una, Vrbas, Neretva
Major Lakes
Boračko Lake, Buško Lake, Jablanica Lake
Government Type
Parliamentary republic
Administrative Divisions
Two entities: the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska; and Brčko District
Legal System
Civil law influenced by Austro-Hungarian and Yugoslav legal systems
Chief of State
The Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina (three members)
Head of Government
Chairman of the Council of Ministers
Cabinet
Council of Ministers
Elections
Elections for the Presidency, House of Representatives, and Entity assemblies are held every four years.
Judicial Branch
Constitutional Court; Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Legislative Branch
Parliamentary Assembly (composed of the House of Peoples and the House of Representatives)
Major Political Parties
Party of Democratic Action (SDA), Alliance of Independent Social Democrats (SNSD), Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina (HDZ BiH), Social Democratic Party (SDP BiH)
CurrencySource: REST Countries
Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark
GDP, Nominal (US$ billion)Source: World Bank: GDP (current US$) (2025)Checked September 29, 2026
32.6#111 of 211
GDP, PPP (US$ billion)Source: World Bank: GDP, PPP (current international $) (2025)Checked September 29, 2026
81.06#114 of 201
GDP per Capita (US$)Source: World Bank: GDP per capita (current US$) (2025)Checked September 29, 2026
10,381.85#102 of 211
GDP - Agriculture (%)Source: World Bank: Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP) (2025)Checked September 29, 2026
4.36
GDP - Industry (%)Source: World Bank: Industry (including construction), value added (% of GDP) (2025)Checked September 29, 2026
21.54
GDP - Services (%)Source: World Bank: Services, value added (% of GDP) (2025)Checked September 29, 2026
57.69
Inflation Rate (%)Source: World Bank: Inflation, consumer prices (annual %) (2023)Checked September 29, 2026
6.11#40 of 191
Labor Force (people)Source: World Bank: Labor force, total (2025)Checked September 29, 2026
1,340,707
Unemployment Rate (%)Source: World Bank: Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (modeled ILO estimate) (2025)Checked September 29, 2026
11.04#32 of 185
Public Debt (% of GDP)Source: World Bank: Central government debt, total (% of GDP) (2024)Checked September 29, 2026
39.74
Budget
The budget details are available from the government.
Exports (US$ billion)Source: World Bank: Exports of goods and services (current US$) (2025)Checked September 29, 2026
13.37#101 of 192
Imports (US$ billion)Source: World Bank: Imports of goods and services (current US$) (2025)Checked September 29, 2026
17.64#99 of 192
Foreign Reserves
Information on foreign reserves is available from the Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Currency Exchange
Bosnia and Herzegovina uses the Convertible Mark (BAM). Exchange rates fluctuate; check a reputable currency converter.
GDP by Sector
Services, industry, and agriculture contribute to the GDP.
Major Industries
Mining, manufacturing, tourism, and services are major industries.
Major Export Partners
Major export partners include Germany, Croatia, and Italy.
Major Import Partners
Major import partners include Croatia, Germany, and Italy.
Society
Literacy Rate (%)Source: World Bank: Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) (2013)Checked September 29, 2026
96.99#58 of 169
Birth Rate (per 1,000 people)Source: World Bank: Birth rate, crude (per 1,000 people) (2024)Checked September 29, 2026
7.7
Death Rate (per 1,000 people)Source: World Bank: Death rate, crude (per 1,000 people) (2024)Checked September 29, 2026
13.5
Net Migration Rate
Approximately -4.3 migrants per 1,000 population (2021 est.)
Median Age
Approximately 43 years (2021 est.)
Urban Population (%)Source: World Bank: Urban population (% of total population) (2025)Checked September 29, 2026
52.69#149 of 214
Urbanization Rate
The urbanization rate is relatively stable.
Life Expectancy (years)Source: World Bank: Life expectancy at birth, total (years) (2024)Checked September 29, 2026
78#67 of 214
HIV/AIDS Prevalence
HIV/AIDS prevalence is low.
Health Expenditures (% of GDP)Source: World Bank: Current health expenditure (% of GDP) (2023)Checked September 29, 2026
8.92
Ethnic Groups
Bosniaks, Serbs, and Croats are the main ethnic groups.
Religions
Islam, Eastern Orthodox Christianity, and Roman Catholicism are the main religions.
LanguagesSource: REST Countries
Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian
Education
Education System
The education system is divided into pre-primary, primary, secondary, and higher education. It is decentralized, with each entity (Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska) having its own education ministry.
School Life Expectancy (years)
The school life expectancy is around 13 years.
Government Education Spending
Government expenditure on education is around 4-5% of GDP.
Primary Education Access
—
Secondary Education Access
—
Higher Education Access
—
Major Universities
University of Sarajevo, University of Banja Luka, University of Mostar, University of Tuzla.
Culture
Cultural Overview
Bosnian culture is a blend of Slavic, Ottoman, and Austro-Hungarian influences. It has a rich history reflected in its art, music, literature, and architecture.
National HolidaysSource: Nager.Date
- Nova Godina (2026-01-01)
- Nova Godina (2026-01-02)
- Božić (za pravoslavce) (2026-01-06)
- Božić (za pravoslavce) (2026-01-07)
- Dan nezavisnosti Bosne i Hercegovine (2026-03-01)
- Veliki petak (2026-04-10)
- Vaskrs (Uskrs) (2026-04-12)
- Vaskrsni (Uskrsni) ponedeljak (2026-04-13)
- Praznik rada (2026-05-01)
- Praznik rada (2026-05-02)
- Dan pobjede nad fašizmom (2026-05-09)
- Dan uspostavljanja Opšteg okvirnog sporazuma za mir u BiH (2026-11-21)
Popular Music
Popular music includes pop, rock, and folk music, often incorporating traditional elements.
Traditional Food
Ćevapi, burek, sarma, dolma, and baklava are some of the popular traditional foods.
Sports
Football (soccer), basketball, and handball are popular sports. Notable achievements in basketball and other sports.
Major Festivals
Sarajevo Film Festival, Baščaršija Nights, and Mostar Summer Festival.
Famous People
Ivo Andrić (Nobel laureate), Emir Kusturica (filmmaker), Goran Bregović (musician).
Cultural Heritage Sites
Numerous historical and cultural sites reflecting its diverse history and influences.
UNESCO Sites
Old Bridge Area of the Old City of Mostar, Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge in Višegrad, Stećci Medieval Tombstone Graveyards.
Annual Tourist Visits
around 1 million/year
Tourism Overview
Bosnia and Herzegovina offers a compelling destination for history buffs, adventure seekers, and cultural explorers. The typical trip style often involves exploring the historical cities of Sarajevo and Mostar, followed by excursions into the stunning natural landscapes. The country is renowned for its dramatic mountain ranges, clear rivers, and charming old towns that tell tales of centuries of diverse influences. Travelers can enjoy hiking in national parks, whitewater rafting, exploring Ottoman-era architecture, and experiencing genuine Balkan hospitality. It suits those looking for an authentic, off-the-beaten-path experience that combines history, nature, and affordability. The blend of Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian, and Slavic cultures provides a unique tapestry for discovery.
Top Tourist Attractions
- Stari Most (Old Bridge) in Mostar
- Baščaršija (Old Bazaar) in Sarajevo
- Tunnel of Hope in Sarajevo
- Kravica Waterfalls
- Blagaj Tekke (Dervish House)
- Jajce Waterfalls
- Sutjeska National Park
- Trebinje Old Town
- Bjelašnica Mountain
- Prenj Mountains
Famous Cities
Sarajevo, the capital, is a must-see, renowned for its "Balkan blend" of East and West, historic mosques, churches, and bustling Baščaršija bazaar. Mostar is globally famous for its iconic Stari Most (Old Bridge), a UNESCO World Heritage site, offering breathtaking views and a glimpse into a poignant past. Tuzla is known for its unique Pannonian salt lakes, offering a recreational escape within the city. Banja Luka, the second-largest city, presents a more relaxed atmosphere with its Kastel fortress and lively riverside promenades. Each city offers a distinct flavor, from the cosmopolitan energy of Sarajevo to the historical charm of Mostar.
National Parks
- Sutjeska National Park
- Kozara National Park
- Una National Park
- Drina National Park
- Tajan Nature Park
- Vranica Nature Park
Protected Areas
—
Best Time to Visit
The best time to visit Bosnia and Herzegovina depends on your interests. Spring (April to May) and autumn (September to October) offer pleasant weather for city exploration and hiking, with fewer crowds and beautiful foliage. Summer (June to August) is ideal for enjoying the rivers and coastal areas, though it can be hot in the cities and more crowded. Winter (December to February) is suitable for skiing in the mountains around Sarajevo. For cultural festivals, summer months often host numerous events. Early autumn is particularly good for photographers seeking vibrant landscapes.
Tourist Visa Info
For many European citizens and those from countries with visa-liberalization agreements, entering Bosnia and Herzegovina for tourism for up to 90 days does not require a visa. However, travelers from other nations must obtain a visa prior to arrival. It is crucial to confirm your specific visa obligations based on your passport by checking with the nearest Bosnian embassy or consulate. Always ensure your passport is valid for at least three months beyond your planned departure date. Carrying proof of onward or return travel and sufficient financial means may be requested at border control.
Visa Requirements Overview
Tourist visa requirements for Bosnia and Herzegovina vary significantly depending on your nationality. Citizens of many European countries, as well as some others, can enter visa-free for short stays, typically up to 90 days within a 180-day period. Visitors from countries that require a visa will need to apply in advance at a Bosnian embassy or consulate. It's essential to check the specific requirements for your passport well before your travel dates. Generally, a valid passport for at least three months beyond your intended stay and proof of sufficient funds are necessary.
Travel Advisory
Travel to Bosnia and Herzegovina is generally safe, with most visitors experiencing no significant issues. It's advisable for travelers to remain aware of their surroundings, particularly in crowded public spaces, to prevent petty theft. Exercise caution when driving due to varying road conditions and local driving habits. Be mindful of potential landmines in unmarked rural areas and stay on marked paths. While political stability is generally good, it's always wise to stay informed about local conditions through reliable news sources. Respecting local customs and traditions will enhance your experience.
Healthcare
Healthcare Quality
The healthcare quality index can vary depending on the source and specific indicators used.
Medical Cost
Medical costs vary depending on the type of service and location.
Number of Hospitals
There are hospitals in Bosnia and Herzegovina; specific numbers fluctuate.
Universal Healthcare
Bosnia and Herzegovina has a healthcare system that includes public and private options. Public healthcare is primarily financed through mandatory contributions.
Medical Services Overview
Medical services are available, with varying levels of quality and accessibility.
Emergency Medical Access
Emergency medical services are available.
Emergency & Safety
Emergency Number (Police)
112
Emergency Number (Ambulance)
112
Emergency Number (Fire)
112
Crime Rate
—
Safety Index
—
Military Expenditure
—
Emergency Services Overview
Emergency services in Bosnia and Herzegovina are accessible through a unified number. In case of medical emergencies, police assistance, or fire incidents, dialing the universal European emergency number will connect you to the relevant local services. It's advisable to have your location clearly identified and to speak slowly and clearly when reporting the situation. While English may not be universally spoken by all emergency responders, basic communication is usually possible, especially in major cities. Tourists should carry their accommodation's address and any relevant medical information.
Safety Overview
Bosnia and Herzegovina is generally a safe country for tourists, with petty crime like pickpocketing being rare but possible in crowded tourist areas and public transport. Visitors should be aware of their surroundings, especially in bustling markets and bus stations. Road safety can be a concern due to varying driving standards and road conditions, so extra caution is advised when driving. While landmines from the 1990s conflict exist, they are clearly marked and confined to specific rural areas, and tourists are strongly advised to stay on marked paths and trails. Overall, sensible precautions are sufficient for a safe and enjoyable trip.
Military Branches
—
Infrastructure
Electricity Access
—
Water Access
—
Sanitation Access
—
Railways
The railway network connects major cities, but its infrastructure is in need of modernization.
Roadways
The road network in Bosnia and Herzegovina is developing, with major highways connecting key cities like Sarajevo, Zenica, and Mostar. However, many secondary roads can be narrow, winding, and in variable condition, especially in mountainous regions. Driving is on the right-hand side. Tolls are present on most modern highways, payable at toll booths, and it's best to have local currency (Bosnian Convertible Mark) or euros. While self-driving offers flexibility, especially for exploring rural areas and national parks, drivers should be prepared for potentially challenging conditions and cautious local driving habits. Navigation can also be tricky in some areas.
Transportation System
The transportation system includes roads, railways, and air travel. Road infrastructure is improving.
AirportsSource: OurAirports
Banja Luka International Airport (BNX), Mostar International Airport (OMO), Sarajevo International Airport (SJJ), Tuzla International Airport (TZL)
Ports
—
Public Transit
Public transportation in Bosnia and Herzegovina's major cities primarily consists of buses and trams, with Sarajevo also featuring a trolleybus system. Tickets are typically purchased from kiosks, street vendors, or directly from the driver, though it's advisable to validate them in machines upon boarding. A single ride ticket is common, with daily or weekly passes available in larger cities like Sarajevo. Trams are a convenient way to navigate Sarajevo's main thoroughfares. For tourists, understanding the route numbers and directions is key, and it's helpful to have small denominations of currency ready. While not as extensive as in Western Europe, public transit is generally reliable and affordable for getting around urban areas.
Technology & Communication
Internet Penetration (%)Source: World Bank: Individuals using the Internet (% of population) (2024)Checked September 29, 2026
86.1#82 of 211
Mobile Subscriptions (per 100)
—
Tech Startups
—
Innovation Index
—
ICT Development Index
—
TV Broadcast Stations
—
Radio Broadcast Stations
—
Plug Type & Voltage
Type C and F, 230V, 50Hz
CO2 Emissions (t per capita)Source: World Bank: Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions excluding LULUCF per capita (t CO2e/capita) (2024)Checked September 29, 2026
6.45#38 of 202
Air Quality Index
Varies, can be poor in cities during winter due to heating.
Water Pollution Level
Generally good in natural areas, but caution advised in some urban rivers.
Renewable Energy Usage
—
Environmental Issues
—
Natural Hazards
Bosnia and Herzegovina is situated in a seismically active region, meaning earthquakes are a possibility, though major destructive events are infrequent. Heavy rainfall can occasionally lead to localized flooding, particularly in river valleys, during spring and autumn. Landmines from the 1990s conflict remain a hazard in certain rural, uncultivated areas; sticking to marked paths and trails is crucial. Landslides can occur in mountainous regions, especially after heavy rain. Travelers should be aware of these potential environmental factors and follow local guidance.
Waste Management
Waste management infrastructure is improving, particularly in major cities. Travelers should make an effort to dispose of trash in designated bins and avoid littering. Recycling facilities are becoming more common in urban centers, though separate bins might not always be clearly marked. In rural areas, it's important to pack out any waste you generate. Respecting the environment contributes to preserving the country's natural beauty.
Environmental Agreements
—
UN MembershipSource: REST Countries
Yes
Diplomatic Missions
—
International Organizations
—
Major Treaties
—
Visa-Free Countries
—