Iraq
Region
🌍 Asia
Population
👥 46
Currency
💱 Iraqi dinar
Languages
🗣️ Arabic, Aramaic, Central Kurdish
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Iraq, a land steeped in ancient history and rich cultural heritage, beckons travelers seeking an immersive experience. Best known as the cradle of civilization, it boasts Mesopotamia, the Fertile Crescent, and legendary sites like Babylon and Ur. Visitors can explore the vibrant bazaars of Baghdad, marvel at the architectural wonders of Erbil in the Kurdistan Region, and discover the spiritual significance of Najaf and Karbala. Expect a journey through time, where ancient ruins stand testament to empires past, alongside a resilient modern culture eager to share its stories. While challenges exist, those who venture to Iraq are rewarded with unparalleled historical depth and authentic human connections.
Official NameSource: REST Countries
Republic of Iraq
Continent
Asia
DemonymSource: REST Countries
Iraqi
Independence
October 3, 1932 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration)
Top-Level Domain
.iq
Calling CodeSource: REST Countries
+964
Time ZoneSource: REST Countries
UTC+03:00
Capital CitySource: REST Countries
Baghdad
ISO Alpha-2
IQ
ISO Alpha-3
IRQ
UN Code
368
Geographic Coordinates
33,44
Area (km²)Source: REST Countries
438,317#59 of 249
PopulationSource: REST Countries
46,118,793#34 of 247
Population Density (per km²)
103.83
Highest Point (m)
3,611 meters (Cheekah Dar)
Lowest Point (m)
Sea level (Persian Gulf)
Land Use
Primarily agricultural land and desert.
Irrigated Land
Extensive irrigation is used for agriculture.
Coastline Length
58 kilometers
Climate
Desert climate with hot, dry summers and mild winters.
Natural Resources
Oil, natural gas, phosphates, sulfur
Bordering CountriesSource: REST Countries
Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey
Major Rivers
Tigris and Euphrates
Major Lakes
Lake Tharthar and Lake Habbaniyah
Government Type
Federal parliamentary republic
Administrative Divisions
19 governorates (muhafazat)
Legal System
Based on a combination of civil law, Islamic law, and previous Ottoman and British influences.
Chief of State
President Abdul Latif Rashid
Head of Government
Prime Minister Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani
Cabinet
The Council of Ministers is appointed by the Prime Minister.
Elections
Elections are held for the Council of Representatives (legislative branch).
Judicial Branch
The judicial branch includes the Supreme Judicial Council and various courts.
Legislative Branch
Council of Representatives (parliament)
Major Political Parties
Various parties, including the Sadrist Movement, the Kurdistan Democratic Party, and the Islamic Dawa Party.
CurrencySource: REST Countries
Iraqi dinar
GDP, Nominal (US$ billion)Source: World Bank: GDP (current US$) (2025)Checked September 29, 2026
254.37#54 of 211
GDP, PPP (US$ billion)Source: World Bank: GDP, PPP (current international $) (2025)Checked September 29, 2026
670.84#45 of 201
GDP per Capita (US$)Source: World Bank: GDP per capita (current US$) (2025)Checked September 29, 2026
5,409.68#134 of 211
GDP - Agriculture (%)Source: World Bank: Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP) (2025)Checked September 29, 2026
3.41
GDP - Industry (%)Source: World Bank: Industry (including construction), value added (% of GDP) (2025)Checked September 29, 2026
45.39
GDP - Services (%)Source: World Bank: Services, value added (% of GDP) (2025)Checked September 29, 2026
52.27
Inflation Rate (%)Source: World Bank: Inflation, consumer prices (annual %) (2025)Checked September 29, 2026
0.3#170 of 191
Labor Force (people)Source: World Bank: Labor force, total (2025)Checked September 29, 2026
12,493,376
Unemployment Rate (%)Source: World Bank: Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (modeled ILO estimate) (2025)Checked September 29, 2026
15.49#14 of 185
Public Debt (% of GDP)Source: World Bank: Central government debt, total (% of GDP) (2018)Checked September 29, 2026
27.44
Budget
Revenues primarily from oil exports; significant government spending on public services and infrastructure.
Exports (US$ billion)Source: World Bank: Exports of goods and services (current US$) (2024)Checked September 29, 2026
111.2#46 of 192
Imports (US$ billion)Source: World Bank: Imports of goods and services (current US$) (2024)Checked September 29, 2026
104.52#49 of 192
Foreign Reserves
Approximately $54 billion (2021 est.)
Currency Exchange
Currency exchange rates can be found online from various financial websites.
GDP by Sector
Primarily oil extraction and refining, with contributions from agriculture, manufacturing, and services.
Major Industries
Petroleum, chemicals, textiles, construction materials, food processing.
Major Export Partners
India, China, United States, South Korea, Turkey.
Major Import Partners
Turkey, China, United Arab Emirates, United States, South Korea.
Society
Literacy Rate (%)Source: World Bank: Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) (2021)Checked September 29, 2026
84.06#114 of 169
Birth Rate (per 1,000 people)Source: World Bank: Birth rate, crude (per 1,000 people) (2024)Checked September 29, 2026
25.6
Death Rate (per 1,000 people)Source: World Bank: Death rate, crude (per 1,000 people) (2024)Checked September 29, 2026
4.2
Net Migration Rate
Approximately -1.5 migrants per 1,000 population (2021 est.)
Median Age
Approximately 20 years (2021 est.)
Urban Population (%)Source: World Bank: Urban population (% of total population) (2025)Checked September 29, 2026
69.94#90 of 214
Urbanization Rate
Approximately 2% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Life Expectancy (years)Source: World Bank: Life expectancy at birth, total (years) (2024)Checked September 29, 2026
72.4#130 of 214
HIV/AIDS Prevalence
Less than 0.1% of the adult population (2021 est.)
Health Expenditures (% of GDP)Source: World Bank: Current health expenditure (% of GDP) (2023)Checked September 29, 2026
5.53
Ethnic Groups
Arab (75-80%), Kurdish (15-20%), Turkoman, Assyrian, and others.
Religions
Islam (97%) (Shia 64-69%, Sunni 29-34%), Christian, and other.
LanguagesSource: REST Countries
Arabic, Aramaic, Central Kurdish
Education
Education System
The education system is government-funded and includes primary, secondary, and higher education. It has been affected by conflict and instability.
School Life Expectancy (years)Source: World Bank: School life expectancy, primary to tertiary, both sexes (years) (2004)Checked September 29, 2026
10.2
Government Education Spending
Government spending on education is a significant portion of the budget, but spending relative to GDP varies.
Primary Education Access
—
Secondary Education Access
—
Higher Education Access
—
Major Universities
University of Baghdad, University of Basrah, University of Mosul, and others.
Culture
Cultural Overview
Iraqi culture is rich, with influences from ancient Mesopotamia, Islam, and various ethnic groups. Known for its poetry, literature, and art.
National HolidaysSource: Nager.Date
- New Year's Day (2026-01-01)
- Army Day (2026-01-06)
- Nowruz (2026-03-21)
- Labour Day (2026-05-01)
- National Day (2026-10-03)
- Victory Day (2026-12-10)
- Christmas Day (2026-12-25)
Popular Music
Arabic music, including traditional and modern styles. Pop, folk, and regional variations are popular.
Traditional Food
Includes dishes like masgouf (grilled carp), kubbeh, dolma, and various rice and meat dishes.
Sports
Football (soccer) is the most popular sport. Other sports include basketball, weightlifting, and athletics.
Major Festivals
Nowruz (Kurdish New Year), religious festivals, and various cultural events.
Famous People
Architect Zaha Hadid, writer Sinan Antoon, singer Kadim Al Sahir, and others.
Cultural Heritage Sites
Ancient Mesopotamian sites, Islamic architecture, and various historical locations.
UNESCO Sites
Hatra, Ashur (Qal'at Sherqat), and the Erbil Citadel.
Annual Tourist Visits
Low number of annual tourist visits due to security concerns and instability.
Tourism Overview
Tourism is limited due to security concerns; religious tourism, especially to Shia shrines, exists.
Top Tourist Attractions
Ancient Mesopotamian sites, religious sites (Karbala, Najaf), marshes, and some historical cities.
Famous Cities
Baghdad, Basra, Mosul, Erbil, Karbala, Najaf.
National Parks
Limited national parks due to security and environmental conditions.
Protected Areas
Protected areas exist, but their management and conservation efforts are challenged.
Best Time to Visit
For city exploration and historical site visits, the cooler months from October to April offer the most pleasant weather, avoiding the intense summer heat. Spring (March-May) provides comfortable temperatures for exploring archaeological sites and enjoying outdoor markets. The autumn months (September-November) are also ideal, with crisp air and fewer crowds. While Iraq doesn't boast traditional beach destinations, the warmer spring and autumn can be suitable for visiting the marshlands. Hiking is generally not a primary tourist activity due to infrastructure and safety considerations, but some exploration in the northern Kurdistan Region might be feasible during milder seasons. Major religious pilgrimages occur year-round, with specific times attracting larger numbers of devotees.
Tourist Visa Info
Visa requirements vary; it's essential to check with the Iraqi embassy or consulate for current regulations.
Visa Requirements Overview
Tourist visa requirements for Iraq vary significantly based on your nationality. Many nationalities can obtain a visa upon arrival at major international airports, though this is not guaranteed and can involve a process. For others, pre-arranged visas through an Iraqi embassy or consulate are necessary. It is crucial to check the specific requirements for your passport well in advance of your travel plans. Some nationalities may require an invitation letter from a registered tour operator or a sponsor within Iraq. Business visas have different application procedures and requirements. Always verify the latest regulations with the relevant Iraqi diplomatic mission.
Travel Advisory
Travel advisories generally recommend against all travel or essential travel due to high security risks and instability.
Healthcare
Healthcare Quality
The healthcare quality index is moderate and varies by region.
Medical Cost
Medical costs vary depending on the service and location.
Number of Hospitals
There are many hospitals in Iraq, concentrated mostly in urban areas.
Universal Healthcare
Healthcare system faces challenges, including limited resources and infrastructure issues. Access is uneven, with a mix of public and private healthcare.
Medical Services Overview
Medical services are available but may be limited outside major cities; quality varies.
Emergency Medical Access
Emergency medical services are available, but response times can vary.
Emergency & Safety
Emergency Number (Police)
104
Emergency Number (Ambulance)
105
Emergency Number (Fire)
115
Crime Rate
High crime rates, particularly in certain regions due to ongoing security challenges.
Safety Index
Low safety index due to political instability, terrorism, and crime.
Military Expenditure
Significant military expenditure due to ongoing security concerns and regional conflicts.
Emergency Services Overview
Emergency services are available but may be limited in some areas due to ongoing instability and resource constraints.
Safety Overview
While the security situation has improved, it's essential for tourists to remain aware of their surroundings and follow official guidance. Exercise caution in crowded areas and avoid large gatherings or demonstrations. It's advisable to stick to well-trafficked tourist routes and use reputable transportation. Be wary of unsolicited offers of assistance or overly friendly strangers, which can sometimes be a precursor to scams. Check current travel advisories from your home country's foreign ministry before and during your trip. Traveling with a local guide or a reputable tour operator is highly recommended for navigating the country safely and understanding local customs. Ensure you have adequate travel insurance.
Military Branches
Iraqi Army, Iraqi Navy, Iraqi Air Force, Counter-Terrorism Service, and other paramilitary forces.
Infrastructure
Electricity Access
Electricity access is inconsistent, with frequent shortages and reliance on generators.
Water Access
Access to improved water sources is moderate, with disparities between urban and rural areas; water scarcity is a significant concern.
Sanitation Access
Sanitation access is variable, with challenges in rural areas; infrastructure development is needed.
Railways
The railway network exists, but its infrastructure and services have been affected by conflict.
Roadways
Road network is underdeveloped with paved roads mostly around urban areas; significant infrastructure damage due to conflict.
Transportation System
Road network is the primary mode of transport. Public transportation, including buses and taxis, is available in cities. Air travel is also important.
AirportsSource: OurAirports
Al Najaf International Airport (NJF), Baghdad International Airport / New Al Muthana Air Base (BGW), Basra International Airport (BSR), Erbil International Airport (EBL), Kirkuk International Airport (KIK), Mosul International Airport (OSM)
Ports
Major ports include Umm Qasr, handling most of Iraq's imports and exports.
Public Transit
Public transportation is limited, mainly consisting of buses and taxis in major cities.
Technology & Communication
Internet Penetration (%)Source: World Bank: Individuals using the Internet (% of population) (2024)Checked September 29, 2026
81.47#104 of 211
Mobile Subscriptions (per 100)
High mobile subscriptions per 100 people, reflecting widespread mobile phone usage.
Tech Startups
Emerging tech startup scene, primarily in major cities like Baghdad and Erbil, but still developing.
Innovation Index
Low innovation index due to the instability and lack of investment.
ICT Development Index
Low ICT Development Index; digital infrastructure needs significant improvement.
TV Broadcast Stations
Numerous TV broadcast stations, including state-owned and private channels.
Radio Broadcast Stations
A mix of radio stations, including state-owned, private, and community radio.
Plug Type & Voltage
Type C, 220V, 50Hz
CO2 Emissions (t per capita)Source: World Bank: Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions excluding LULUCF per capita (t CO2e/capita) (2024)Checked September 29, 2026
5.18#50 of 202
Air Quality Index
Poor air quality, particularly in urban areas, due to industrial emissions, vehicle exhaust, and dust storms. High levels of particulate matter and pollutants.
Water Pollution Level
High levels of water pollution from sewage, industrial discharge, and agricultural runoff. Limited access to clean water in many areas.
Renewable Energy Usage
Very limited renewable energy usage. Primarily reliant on fossil fuels for energy generation.
Environmental Issues
Air and water pollution, desertification, soil erosion, wetland degradation, and damage to biodiversity. Oil industry activities contribute significantly to pollution.
Natural Hazards
Dust storms, floods, droughts, sandstorms, and earthquakes.
Waste Management
Inadequate waste management infrastructure, leading to open dumping, pollution of land and water resources. Recycling is limited.
Environmental Agreements
Party to agreements including climate change, biodiversity, desertification, and ozone layer protection.
UN MembershipSource: REST Countries
Yes
Diplomatic Missions
Has diplomatic missions worldwide.
International OrganizationsSource: REST Countries
Arab League, OPEC
Major Treaties
Multiple bilateral and multilateral agreements on trade, security, and environment.
Visa-Free Countries
Visa-free access for Iraqi citizens varies depending on the destination country, often requiring visas for international travel.