Mongolia
Region
🌍 Asia
Population
👥 3
Currency
💱 Mongolian tögrög
Languages
🗣️ Mongolian
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Official NameSource: REST Countries
Mongolia
Continent
Asia
DemonymSource: REST Countries
Mongolian
Independence
December 29, 1911 (from Qing Dynasty)
Top-Level Domain
.mn
Calling CodeSource: REST Countries
+976
Time ZoneSource: REST Countries
UTC+07:00, UTC+08:00
Capital CitySource: REST Countries
Ulan Bator
ISO Alpha-2
MN
ISO Alpha-3
MNG
UN Code
496
Geographic Coordinates
46,105
Area (km²)Source: REST Countries
1,564,110#20 of 249
PopulationSource: REST Countries
3,591,120#133 of 247
Population Density (per km²)
2.23
Highest Point (m)
4,374 (Khüiten Peak)
Lowest Point (m)
560 (Hoh Nuur)
Land Use
Mostly pastureland; some arable land and forest.
Irrigated Land
Approximately 1,180 square kilometers (2012)
Coastline Length
This landlocked country has no coastline.
Climate
Mongolia experiences a harsh, continental climate with long, cold winters and short, warm summers.
Natural Resources
Coal, copper, fluorspar, gold, iron ore, lead, molybdenum, phosphate, tin, tungsten, and oil.
Bordering CountriesSource: REST Countries
China, Russia
Major Rivers
Orkhon River, Kherlen River, Selenge River.
Major Lakes
Hövsgöl Lake, Uvs Lake, Buir Lake.
Government Type
Parliamentary Republic
Administrative Divisions
21 provinces (aimags) and 1 municipality (Ulaanbaatar).
Legal System
Based on civil law system
Chief of State
President Khurelsukh Ukhnaa
Head of Government
Prime Minister Luvsannamsrai Oyun-Erdene
Cabinet
The Cabinet is appointed by the Prime Minister.
Elections
Presidential elections are held every four years; parliamentary elections are also held every four years.
Judicial Branch
Supreme Court
Legislative Branch
Unicameral State Great Khural (parliament)
Major Political Parties
Mongolian People's Party, Democratic Party, and others.
CurrencySource: REST Countries
Mongolian tögrög
GDP, Nominal (US$ billion)Source: World Bank: GDP (current US$) (2025)Checked September 29, 2026
25.37#124 of 211
GDP, PPP (US$ billion)Source: World Bank: GDP, PPP (current international $) (2025)Checked September 29, 2026
74.23#117 of 201
GDP per Capita (US$)Source: World Bank: GDP per capita (current US$) (2025)Checked September 29, 2026
7,108.23#118 of 211
GDP - Agriculture (%)Source: World Bank: Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP) (2025)Checked September 29, 2026
8.94
GDP - Industry (%)Source: World Bank: Industry (including construction), value added (% of GDP) (2025)Checked September 29, 2026
37.25
GDP - Services (%)Source: World Bank: Services, value added (% of GDP) (2025)Checked September 29, 2026
44.34
Inflation Rate (%)Source: World Bank: Inflation, consumer prices (annual %) (2025)Checked September 29, 2026
8.61#30 of 191
Labor Force (people)Source: World Bank: Labor force, total (2025)Checked September 29, 2026
1,457,964
Unemployment Rate (%)Source: World Bank: Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (modeled ILO estimate) (2025)Checked September 29, 2026
5.23#91 of 185
Public Debt (% of GDP)Source: World Bank: Central government debt, total (% of GDP) (2024)Checked September 29, 2026
43.34
Budget
Mongolia's annual budget is approximately $6 billion.
Exports (US$ billion)Source: World Bank: Exports of goods and services (current US$) (2025)Checked September 29, 2026
17.27#94 of 192
Imports (US$ billion)Source: World Bank: Imports of goods and services (current US$) (2025)Checked September 29, 2026
15.89#101 of 192
Foreign Reserves
Mongolia's foreign reserves are approximately $3 billion.
Currency Exchange
Currency exchange rates can be found at major banks and online financial platforms.
GDP by Sector
GDP is primarily driven by services, industry, and agriculture.
Major Industries
Major industries include mining, agriculture, and manufacturing.
Major Export Partners
Major export partners include China, the UK, and Canada.
Major Import Partners
Major import partners include China, Russia, and Japan.
Society
Literacy Rate (%)Source: World Bank: Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) (2024)Checked September 29, 2026
98.64#36 of 169
Birth Rate (per 1,000 people)Source: World Bank: Birth rate, crude (per 1,000 people) (2024)Checked September 29, 2026
16.9
Death Rate (per 1,000 people)Source: World Bank: Death rate, crude (per 1,000 people) (2024)Checked September 29, 2026
5.5
Net Migration Rate
The net migration rate is approximately -1 per 1,000 population.
Median Age
The median age in Mongolia is approximately 29 years.
Urban Population (%)Source: World Bank: Urban population (% of total population) (2025)Checked September 29, 2026
71.15#85 of 214
Urbanization Rate
The urbanization rate is approximately 1.5% annually.
Life Expectancy (years)Source: World Bank: Life expectancy at birth, total (years) (2024)Checked September 29, 2026
72.4#130 of 214
HIV/AIDS Prevalence
The HIV/AIDS prevalence rate is very low, below 0.1%.
Health Expenditures (% of GDP)Source: World Bank: Current health expenditure (% of GDP) (2023)Checked September 29, 2026
6.07
Ethnic Groups
The population is predominantly Mongolian.
Religions
Buddhism is the predominant religion.
LanguagesSource: REST Countries
Mongolian
Education
Education System
Education in Mongolia is compulsory from ages 7 to 15. The system includes primary, secondary, and higher education.
School Life Expectancy (years)Source: World Bank: School life expectancy, primary to tertiary, both sexes (years) (2010)Checked September 29, 2026
14.6
Government Education Spending
Government spending on education is a significant portion of the national budget.
Primary Education Access
—
Secondary Education Access
—
Higher Education Access
—
Major Universities
National University of Mongolia, Mongolian University of Science and Technology.
Culture
Cultural Overview
Mongolian culture is deeply rooted in nomadic traditions, with a strong emphasis on family, respect for elders, and the preservation of heritage.
National HolidaysSource: Nager.Date
- Шинэ жил (Shine jil) (2026-01-01)
- Олон Улсын Эмэгтэйчүүдийн Баяр (2026-03-08)
- Наадам (2026-06-01)
- Наадам (2026-07-11)
- Наадам (2026-07-12)
- Наадам (2026-07-13)
- Наадам (2026-07-14)
- Наадам (2026-07-15)
- Улс тунхагласны өдөр (2026-11-26)
- Тусгаар Тогтнолын Өдөр (2026-12-29)
Popular Music
Mongolian folk music, pop, and rock music are popular, with a rising trend of blending traditional and modern styles.
Traditional Food
Meat-based cuisine dominates, with dishes like Buuz (steamed dumplings), Khorkhog (meat cooked with hot stones), and airag (fermented mare's milk).
Sports
Wrestling, horse riding, and archery are traditional sports. Football and basketball are also gaining popularity.
Major Festivals
Naadam Festival (celebrating wrestling, archery, and horse racing), Golden Eagle Festival.
Famous People
Genghis Khan, Khutulun (wrestler), Chinggis Khaan (Musician).
Cultural Heritage Sites
Many monasteries, historical sites, and cultural landmarks throughout the country.
UNESCO Sites
Uvs Nuur Basin, Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape.
Annual Tourist Visits
Moderate, growing in recent years, but numbers can fluctuate.
Tourism Overview
Tourism is growing, with a focus on cultural experiences, nature-based tourism, and adventure travel.
Top Tourist Attractions
Gobi Desert, Genghis Khan Statue Complex, Terelj National Park, Kharkhorin, Khuvsgul Lake.
Famous Cities
Ulaanbaatar, Erdenet, Darkhan, Mörön.
National Parks
Terelj National Park, Gorkhi-Terelj National Park, Gobi Gurvansaikhan National Park, Khuvsgul Lake National Park.
Protected Areas
Significant number of protected areas including national parks, nature reserves, and strict nature reserves.
Best Time to Visit
—
Tourist Visa Info
Visa requirements vary by nationality. Many nationalities can obtain a visa on arrival or are eligible for visa-free entry for a limited period. Check specific requirements.
Visa Requirements Overview
—
Travel Advisory
Exercise normal precautions. Be aware of petty crime, especially in urban areas. Monitor for extreme weather conditions.
Healthcare
Healthcare Quality
The healthcare quality index for Mongolia is approximately 45.
Medical Cost
Medical costs vary, but are generally lower than in Western countries.
Number of Hospitals
There are numerous hospitals and clinics throughout the country.
Universal Healthcare
Mongolia has a system of public healthcare funded by the government, with a focus on primary care.
Medical Services Overview
Medical services are available, but can be limited outside major cities; access to specialized care may be limited.
Emergency Medical Access
Emergency medical services are available in urban areas, with potential limitations in remote regions.
Emergency & Safety
Emergency Number (Police)
102
Emergency Number (Ambulance)
103
Emergency Number (Fire)
101
Crime Rate
Moderate. Petty crime and property crimes can occur, particularly in urban areas.
Safety Index
Moderate. Generally considered safe, but caution advised regarding petty crime and traffic accidents.
Military Expenditure
Relatively low as a percentage of GDP.
Emergency Services Overview
Emergency services include police, ambulance, and fire departments, primarily concentrated in urban areas. Response times can vary.
Safety Overview
—
Military Branches
Mongolian Armed Forces (MAF): comprised of the Ground Force, Air Force, and special forces.
Infrastructure
Electricity Access
Electricity access is generally good in urban areas. Access in rural areas can be lower, with efforts to improve coverage.
Water Access
Access to improved water sources is generally good in urban areas, but can be limited in rural areas, where groundwater is a major source.
Sanitation Access
Sanitation access is a challenge, particularly in ger districts of Ulaanbaatar and rural areas, with a need for improved infrastructure.
Railways
The Trans-Mongolian Railway connects Mongolia to Russia and China. Domestic rail network exists.
Roadways
Road network is developing, with paved roads mainly in urban areas and connecting major cities. Many roads are unpaved, particularly in rural regions.
Transportation System
The transportation system includes a mix of road, rail, and air transport. Road infrastructure is developing.
AirportsSource: OurAirports
Buyant-Ukhaa International Airport (ULN), Ulaanbaatar Chinggis Khaan International Airport (UBN), Altai Airport (LTI), Arvaikheer Airport (AVK), Baruun Urt Airport (UUN), Bayankhongor Airport (BYN)
Ports
No major seaports. Mongolia is landlocked. Ports are located in neighboring countries used for trade.
Public Transit
Public transit exists primarily in Ulaanbaatar, consisting of buses and trolleybuses. Limited services elsewhere.
Technology & Communication
Internet Penetration (%)Source: World Bank: Individuals using the Internet (% of population) (2024)Checked September 29, 2026
85.12#87 of 211
Mobile Subscriptions (per 100)
High, mobile phone usage is widespread.
Tech Startups
Growing tech startup scene, particularly in Ulaanbaatar, focusing on various sectors.
Innovation Index
Moderate. Mongolia is working to improve its innovation ecosystem.
ICT Development Index
Moderate, with ongoing efforts to develop information and communication technologies.
TV Broadcast Stations
Several television stations, both public and private.
Radio Broadcast Stations
Numerous radio stations, including public and private broadcasters.
Plug Type & Voltage
—
CO2 Emissions (t per capita)Source: World Bank: Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions excluding LULUCF per capita (t CO2e/capita) (2024)Checked September 29, 2026
7.85#27 of 202
Air Quality Index
High air pollution, especially in Ulaanbaatar, due to coal burning and vehicle emissions.
Water Pollution Level
Moderate to high water pollution from mining, industrial discharge, and inadequate sanitation.
Renewable Energy Usage
Increasing renewable energy usage, particularly solar and wind, but still a small portion of overall energy production.
Environmental Issues
Air pollution, water pollution, desertification, deforestation, overgrazing, and soil erosion.
Natural Hazards
Dust storms, earthquakes, and droughts.
Waste Management
Inadequate waste management; open dumping and limited recycling.
Environmental Agreements
Party to international agreements on climate change, biodiversity, and desertification.
UN MembershipSource: REST Countries
Yes
Diplomatic Missions
Has diplomatic missions worldwide.
International OrganizationsSource: REST Countries
Member of WTO, ADB, SCO, and other international organizations.
Major Treaties
Participates in major international treaties.
Visa-Free Countries
Visa-free travel for Mongolian citizens to several countries.